Error Guessing

Exploratory Testing

Simultaneous learning, test design, and execution — the tester explores the app, forms hypotheses, and probes them, with no pre-scripted steps. Most effective when time-boxed and chartered.

Ad-hoc Testing

Unstructured testing without a plan or documented test cases — relies on the tester's experience and intuition. Useful for quick smoke checks and early defect discovery, but not reproducible.

Boundary Value Analysis

Testing values immediately at and around boundaries (e.g., min, max, just-below, just-above). Bugs cluster at edges — this technique catches off-by-one errors that equivalence partitioning alone misses.